Annotated Bibliography
Bell, B. (2014, September 18). Bt Corn: Advantages & Disadvantages.
Retrieved March 16, 2017, from http://www.livestrong.com/article/500667-bt-corn-advantagesdisadvantages/
The author of this article is named Becky Bell and she is a registered dietician. She received a Bachelor’s degree in dietetics and a Master’s degree in nutrition.This article focuses on defining Bt corn and provides examples of advantages and disadvantages of the corn. The article provides insight into a widely popular type of genetically modified corn and helps the reader learn about public opinions on the topic. The article is posted on a site called “Livestrong” which is dedicated to educating the public about nutrition, health, and sustainability. Livestrong is a website that partners with the cancer association and hopes to promote healthy living. The article is relevant to our research paper because it touches on genetically modified corn (both in general and the specific type- Bt corn). The article also mentions the health and environmental impacts of the Bt corn. This reflects the ideals of Livestrong’s brand by talking about how the Bt corn can be good for our society, but also any downsides to the genetically modified corn
Glass, E. (2013, August 2). The Environmental Impact of GMOs. Retrieved
March 16, 2017, from http://www.onegreenplanet.org/animalsandnature/the-environmental-impactofgmos
Emily Glass is a student at the University of Ottowa and is a “vegetarian enthusiast”. She is interested in teaching others about her studies in environmentalism. The organization she wrote the blog post for is called One green Planet. One Green Planet is a platform that hopes to educate the public about being eco-conscious. One Green Planet teaches about sustainable and green living. The article relates to our research paper because it shows factors for one of the big arguments against the production of GMOs. People tend to fall into two categories when they want to stop GMO production: they talk about the GM industry practices and/or they talk about the environmental impact. The article lists the main reasons why genetically engineered foods would be harmful towards the environment. After each reason, the article also talks about specific environmental impacts that GMO production can pose around the world.
Rogerson, A. (2017, February 27). Dispelling the concerns, misconceptions of
GMOs. Retrieved March 16, 2017, from http://www.dailycardinal.com/article/2017/02/dispellingtheconcerns-misconceptions-of-gmos
Abby Rogerson is a article writer for The Daily Cardinal (from the University of Wisconsin). She is also an author for the “Clean Lakes Alliance” based in Wisconsin. The article helps summarize key parts of information that were released with the new report by the National Academy of Sciences committee on GE foods. The article provides information for college students to read about the newly released report. This captures some ideals of younger generations on the topic of genetically engineered food. The article also provides background information on the topic of GMOs and their history in the media. The article gives examples for different organizations and stakeholders in the GE food debate.
Borel, B. (2014, July 21). The Pros and Cons of Herbicide-Tolerant GMOs.
Retrieved March 16, 2017, from http://www.popsci.com/blog-network/our-modern-plagues/prosand-consherbicide-tolerant-gmos
Brooke Borel is a journalist and author for multiple sites. In her portfolio, she states that she is open to write about any topic but is partial to writing about how science and technology are used to shape our future. She has written multiple blog posts on GMOs. This particular blog post talks about herbicide-tolerant GMOs, which is a popular type of genetically engineered food. In this post, the author talks about why there was a need for herbicide-tolerant plants, downsides of herbicides, and downsides of the GMOs. Roundup ready crops are also talked about since they are one of the more popular types of herbicide-tolerant GMOs. The article also compares herbicide-tolerant GE crops to pesticide-tolerant GE crops by providing costs and timelines it took for a new pesticide ingredient. At the end of the article, the author talks about how herbicidetolerant crops have affected our society to make us more reliant on the GE crops.
Bessin, R. (n.d.). Bt-Corn: What It Is and How It Works. Retrieved March 1, 2017,
from https://entomology.ca.uky.edu/ef130
Ric Bessin is an Extension Entomologist at the University of Kentucky College of Agriculture and the treasurer of the Entomological society of America. His work is in Pest management of agriculture and therefore knows a lot about and is highly invested on how Genetically Engineered crops can impact local insects. The article specifically discusses how Bt-Corn is made and how that affects the European Corn Borer, which is the insect that decimates corn crops and would be killed by the crops. The article goes through the scientific process of creating the corn on a genetic level.
University of Nebraska-Lincoln | Web Developer Network. (n.d.). Making a
Genetically Engineered Crop. Retrieved March 1, 2017, from http://cropwatch.unl.edu/biotechnology/makinggmo
Designed for kids, the department of agriculture at University of Nebraska-Lincoln created this site to help people understand the process of Genetic Engineering. It takes the user through identifying the gene in Bt, cloning it, and combining it with corn DNA to create the Bt-corn.
Gewin, V. (n.d.). Genetically Modified Corn— Environmental Benefits and
Risks. Retrieved March 10, 2017, from http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0000008
Virgina Gewin is a freelance science journalist who focuses on environmental stories such as ones about the EPA. She has written numerous articles on GMO’s and corn, and this article is well researched and for PLOS biology. It details the history of genetic modification specifically through corn. From early days of corn cross breeding to current technology including genetic engineering of Bt corn. She talks about how the environment has been and continues to be changed by corn.
UCSD. (n.d.). Bt Crop Spraying. Retrieved March 16, 2017, from
http://www.bt.ucsd.edu/organic_farming.html Article: Bt Crop spraying
Written by the University of California San Diego, this article deals with the history of Bt crop spraying. Bt has been used for decades to stop the European Corn Borer and other species that will feed on crops and decimate them. Before becoming part of the corn, Bt was in the soil or sprayed on crops.
NAP. (n.d.). Read "Genetically Engineered Crops: Experiences and Prospects"
at NAP.edu. Retrieved March 16, 2017, from https://www.nap.edu/read/23395/chapter/7#149
Written by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Division on Earth and Life Studies; Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources; Committee on Genetically Engineered Crops: Past Experience and Future Prospects This book is written to educate the general public on the history, science behind and effects of Genetically Engineered crops. The book discusses how genetic engineering came about, what crops are genetically engineered, how the process works, and how genetic enginered crops are used today
List of Pros and Cons of Genetically Modified Corn. (2015, July 09). Retrieved
March 16, 2017, from http://occupytheory.org/list-of-pros-and-cons-of-geneticallymodified-corn/
Occupytheory is an online magazine that focuses on writing articles about climate change, activism, the environment, and human rights. Most of the Occupytheory articles are “Pros and Cons” or “Advantages and Disadvantages” lists. “Pros and Cons” articles help frame the debate about a topic, in this case genetically modified corn. The article lists out 3 pros and 3 cons to keep each side around equal. In the middle, there is also a video feature that talks about what genetically modified foods are. At the end of the article (and below the cons list), there is another video feature. This video feature provides information about Monsanto’s GM corn and how it is filled with toxins. Overall, the article is able to provide key concepts that represent two sides of the debate around genetically modified corn.
Lynas, M. (2017, February 17). Drought-tolerant genetically engineered maize
poised to help African farmers adapt to changing climate. Retrieved March 9, 2017, from https://www.geneticliteracyproject.org/2017/02/17/drought-tolerantgeneticallyengineered-maize-poised-help-african-farmers-adapt-changing-climate/
This article was written by Mark Lynas, an author and journalist whose pieces are typically about worldwide crop biotechnology. His article was part of the Cornell Alliance for Science. The article was about Tanzania’s current state of crop deterioration due to climate change. Lynas helped provide insight into how GMOs are currently helping poor resource farmers in Tanzania, and how this biotechnology has the ability to alleviate some of the crop stresses from climate change. The article also goes into the controversy of implementing the technology, because of Tanzania’s strict laws prohibiting the scientific study of GMOs.
Pickut, W. (2015, October 06). What Are the Benefits of GMO Corn? Retrieved
March 10, 2017, from http://www.livestrong.com/article/254564-what-are-the-benefits-of-gmo-corn/
Walt Pickut is an author for the Livestrong website, and has published peer reviewed medical research for over 40 years. His article about the different benefits of GMO Corn reviews the three main traits that engineered corn tends to have, and concludes with facts about traditional corn. His article provided insight into how engineered corn has benefits that encourage farmers to continue buying these seeds.
Environmental and health impacts of GM crops - the science . (2011,
September). Retrieved March 16, 2017, from http://www.greenpeace.org/australia/PageFiles/434214/GM_Fact%20Sheet_Health_%2 0and_Env_Impacts.pdf
The article does not have an author, but the organization that created it is called Greenpeace. Greenpeace is an organization that hopes to inform the public about global environmental problems and promote solutions for a more green society. The article covers the health and environmental impacts of genetically modified foods. The article lists the common types of genetically modified crops and then provides subheadings with information on how these types of GMOs affect the environment and our health.
Gipmans, M., Schoeneboom, J., Klein, D., Bihlmeyer, D., & Saling, P. (2014). 9th
International Conference on Life Cycle Assessment in the Agri-Food Sector, 1-12. Retrieved March 8, 2017, from http://www.lcafood2014.org/papers/137.pdf
Paper presenting the importance of corn in the US and internationally, and discussing the development, implications, and consequences of both herbicide and insect resistant GMO varieties currently used in corn production. The study assesses the social, economical and political impact of GMO corn, specifically in the context of corn cultivation in Nebraska.
Tabashnik, B. E., Brévault, T., & Carrière, Y. (2013). Insect resistance to Bt
crops: lessons from the first billion acres. Nature Biotechnology,31(6), 510-521. doi:10.1038/nbt.2597
Paper studying the evolution of resistance in pests produced by transgenic crops. Analysis of 5 of major 13 pest species and compared to resistant population in 2005. Discussion around the evaluation of inheritance of resistance and developing strategies to sustain Bt crops.
Owen, M. D. (2000). Current use of transgenic herbicide-resistant soybean
and corn in the USA. Crop Protection,19(8-10), 765-771. doi:10.1016/s0261-2194(00)00102-2
Paper that outline the use of Bt soybean and corn, and introduces the idea of croprotation improving both crop yields. Light discussion on the details of media affecting the position of consumers. Discussion on the ramifications of these crops on the environment and health.
Gentry, L. F., Ruffo, M. L., & Below, F. E. (2013). Identifying Factors Controlling
the Continuous Corn Yield Penalty. Agronomy Journal,105(2), 295. doi:10.2134/agronj2012.0246
Discussion on the importance of corn as a food supply, feed source, and biofuel. Model of USDA reliance of corn - discussion of studies over the past 40 years that establish the idea that corn is grown in rotation. Summaries of various studies that all contribute to the proper growth of corn (i.e. nitrogen availability, crop rotation, bioenergy feedstocks)
Domingo, J. L., & Bordonaba, J. G. (2011). A literature review on the safety
assessment of genetically modified plants. Environment International,37(4), 734-742. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2011.01.003
General overview of GMOs in the past decade. Major focus on the implications of GMOs and their general advantages and disadvantages. Heavy discussion on the public perception of GMOs as well as the media's influence on GMOs
Where are GMOs grown and banned? #GMOFAQ. (n.d.). Retrieved March 17,
2017, from http://gmo.geneticliteracyproject.org/FAQ/where-are-gmos-grown-and-banned/
General article explaining the growth of GMOs in dozens of nations around the world. Discussions of the science and politics behind GMO crops and statistics representing the growth of various GMOs in the past couple of years. Insight on the "anti-GMO" nature of EU countries and the bans on cultivation and importation of GMOs in various nations.
Campaigns |. (n.d.). Retrieved March 8, 2017, from
http://www.centerforfoodsafety.org/issues/976/ge-food-labeling/us-polls-on-ge-foodlabeling
Statistics for poll of likely US voters who favor mandatory labeling on GMO foods. Consumer reports on general public discourse for and against GMOs. General statistics on the laws of various nations with regards to GMO food labeling